{"id":12812,"date":"2023-05-17T14:47:36","date_gmt":"2023-05-17T18:47:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nkllaw.com\/?p=12812"},"modified":"2023-05-17T17:08:31","modified_gmt":"2023-05-17T21:08:31","slug":"%e7%b1%b3%e5%9b%bd%e7%89%b9%e8%a8%b1%e6%b3%95%e5%8f%8a%e3%81%b3%e7%b1%b3%e5%9b%bd%e6%86%b2%e6%b3%95%e3%81%ae%e9%96%a2%e4%bf%82","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nkllaw.com\/ja\/%e7%b1%b3%e5%9b%bd%e7%89%b9%e8%a8%b1%e6%b3%95%e5%8f%8a%e3%81%b3%e7%b1%b3%e5%9b%bd%e6%86%b2%e6%b3%95%e3%81%ae%e9%96%a2%e4%bf%82\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7c73\u56fd\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\u89e3\u8aac \u7b2c001\u56de \u57fa\u672c\uff1a\u7c73\u56fd\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\u53ca\u3073\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u7c73\u56fd\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\u89e3\u8aac<\/span><\/b> <\/b>\u7b2c<\/span><\/b>001<\/span><\/b>\u56de<\/span><\/b>
\n<\/b>\u57fa\u672c\uff1a\u7c73\u56fd\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\u53ca\u3073\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\uff08<\/span>The United States Constitution<\/span><\/b>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u6ce8<\/span>[1]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/sup>\uff09<\/span><\/sup>\u306f\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u7279\u8a31\u6761\u9805\uff08<\/b><\/span>Patent Clause<\/span><\/b>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\uff08\u7b2c<\/b><\/span>1<\/span><\/b>\u7ae0\u7b2c<\/span>8<\/span><\/b>\u6761\u7b2c<\/span>8<\/span><\/b>\u9805<\/span><\/b>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

U.S. Const.
\nArt. I, sec. 8, cl. 8.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

The Congress
\nshall have power … [t]o promote the progress of science and useful arts, by
\nsecuring for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to
\ntheir respective writings and discoveries[.]<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8a33\u3011<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c<\/span>1<\/span><\/b>\u7ae0\u7b2c<\/span>8<\/span><\/b>\u6761\u7b2c<\/span>8<\/span><\/b>\u9805<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u7c73\u56fd\u8b70\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u8457\u4f5c\u8005\u53ca\u3073\u767a\u660e\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5404\u81ea\u306e\u57f7\u7b46\u7269\u53ca\u3073\u767a\u898b\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6392\u4ed6\u6a29\u3092\u4e00\u5b9a\u671f\u9593\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u53ca\u3073\u5b9f\u7528\u7684\u306a\u6280\u8853\u306e\u9032\u6b69\u3092\u5968\u52b1\u3059\u308b\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u7279\u8a31\u30fb\u8457\u4f5c\u6a29\u6761\u9805<\/span><\/b>\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u7acb\u6cd5\u8da3\u65e8\u3092\u793a\u3059\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306a\u304f\u3001\u540c\u6761\u9805<\/b>\u306e\u89e3\u91c8\u3092\u5de1\u308b\u7d1b\u4e89\u306e\u89e3\u6c7a\u306e\u624b\u639b\u304b\u308a\u3092\u6761\u6587\u306b\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u3082\u5f97\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306a\u3044\uff08\u6ce8<\/sup><\/a><\/span>[2]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\uff09<\/span><\/sup>\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u5f8c\u306b\u7b2c<\/span>4<\/span>\u4ee3\u7c73\u56fd\u5927\u7d71\u9818\uff08<\/span>the fourth President of the United States<\/span>\uff09\u3068\u306a\u308b<\/span>James Madison<\/span>\u304c\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u5efa\u56fd<\/span>\u6642\u306b\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u5236\u5ea6\u3092\u63a8<\/span>\u9032\u3059\u308b\u30d5\u30a7\u30c7\u30e9\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\uff08\u9023\u90a6\u5236\u5ea6\u63a8\u9032\u6d3e\uff09\u3068\u3057\u3066\u591a\u6570\u306e\u5553\u8499\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u57f7\u7b46\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u8457\u4f5c\u7269\u53ca\u3073\u767a\u660e\u3092\u9023\u90a6\u5236\u5ea6\u3067\u4fdd\u8b77\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3092\u63d0\u5531\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\uff08\u6ce8<\/sup><\/span>[3]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\uff09<\/span><\/sup>\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u61b2\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u4f1a\u8b70\uff08<\/span>Constitutional Convention<\/span>\uff09\uff08\u6ce8<\/sup><\/span>[4]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\uff09<\/span><\/sup>\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7279\u8a31\u6761\u9805<\/b>\u306f\u3001\u7570\u8b70\u7533\u7acb\u3066\u53ca\u3073\u8b70\u8ad6\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5168\u54e1\u4e00\u81f4\u3067\u53ef\u6c7a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff08\u6ce8<\/sup><\/span>[5]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\uff09<\/span><\/sup>\u306b\u9451\u307f\u3001<\/span>Madison<\/span>\u306e\u63d0\u5531\u304c\u3001\u7279\u8a31\u6761\u9805<\/b>\u306e\u5275\u8a2d\u3078\u3068\u3064\u306a\u304c\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

1790<\/span><\/a>\u5e74<\/span>4<\/span>\u6708<\/span>10<\/span>\u65e5\u3001<\/span>\u3053\u306e\u7279\u8a31\u6761\u9805<\/b>\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u521d\u306e\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5<\/b>\u3067\u3042\u308b<\/span>1790<\/span><\/b>\u5e74\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\uff08<\/span>Patent Act of 1790<\/span><\/b>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\u304c\u5236\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e<\/span>1790<\/span><\/b>\u5e74\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\u306b\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u3001<\/span>1952<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>7<\/span>\u6708<\/span>19<\/span>\u65e5\u306b\u5236\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f<\/span>1952<\/span><\/b>\u5e74\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\uff08<\/span>Patent Act of 1952<\/span><\/b>\uff09\uff08<\/span>35 U.S.C.: Title 35, United States Code<\/span><\/b>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\uff08<\/span>Public Law 82-593<\/span><\/b>\uff09\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u307e\u3067\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5<\/b>\u306f\u3001\u5168\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u7279\u8a31\u6761\u9805<\/b>\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u8b70\u4f1a\uff08<\/span>United States Congress<\/span>\uff09\u304c\u5236\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u3001\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5<\/b>\u3068\u62b5\u89e6\u3059\u308b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3092\u5236\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u306e\u6cd5\u7684\u6839\u62e0\u306f\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5<\/b>\u306e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u898f\u6761\u9805\uff08<\/b><\/span>Supremacy Clause<\/span><\/b>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\u7b2c<\/b><\/span>6<\/span><\/b>\u7ae0\u7b2c<\/span>2<\/span><\/b>\u9805<\/span><\/b>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

U.S. Const.
\nArt. VI, cl. 2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

[]This
\nConstitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in
\npursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the
\nauthority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the
\njudges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or
\nlaws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.[]<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8a33\u3011<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c<\/span>6<\/span><\/b>\u7ae0\u7b2c<\/span>2<\/span><\/b>\u9805<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u3053\u306e\u61b2\u6cd5\u3001\u53ca\u3073\u3001\u3053\u306e\u61b2\u6cd5\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u5236\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7c73\u56fd\u306e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u4e26\u3073\u306b\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u306e\u6a29\u9650\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u7de0\u7d50\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u53c8\u306f\u3001\u5c06\u6765\u7de0\u7d50\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5168\u3066\u306e\u6761\u7d04\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u306e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u898f\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u5dde\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u3082\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5dde\u306e\u61b2\u6cd5\u53c8\u306f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u306b\u76f8\u53cd\u3059\u308b\u898f\u5b9a\u304c\u3042\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3082\uff0c\u56fd\u306e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u898f\u306b\u62d8\u675f\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5b9f\u969b\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff08<\/span>Supreme Court of the United States<\/span>\uff09\u306f\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u898f\u6761\u9805\u3092\u6839\u62e0\u306b\u3001\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\u3068\u62b5\u89e6\u3059\u308b\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u5dde\u6cd5\u3092\u7121\u52b9\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/span>Sears,
\nRoebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co., 376 U.S. 225 (1964)<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u6ce8<\/span><\/sup>[6]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\uff09<\/span><\/sup>; Bonito Boats
\nv. Thunder Craft Boats, 489 U.S. 141 (1989)<\/b><\/span>\uff08\u6ce8<\/span><\/sup>[7]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\uff09<\/span><\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u4eee\u306b\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5<\/b>\u306b\u7279\u8a31\u6761\u9805<\/b>\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u3069\u3046\u306a\u308b\u304b\uff1f\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3082\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u8b70\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u5dde\u969b\u901a\u5546\u6761\u9805\uff08<\/span>Interstate Commerce Clause<\/span>\uff09\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\u3092\u5236\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff08\u6ce8<\/sup><\/span>[8]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\uff09<\/span><\/sup>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

U.S. Const. Art. I, sec. 8, cl. 3.<\/span><\/b><\/a><\/p>\n

The Congress
\nshall have power<\/u> … To regulate commerce<\/u> with foreign nations,
\nand among the several states<\/u>, and with the Indian tribes; … .
\n(emphasis added)<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8a33\u3011<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c<\/span>1<\/span><\/b>\u7ae0\u7b2c<\/span>8<\/span><\/b>\u6761\u7b2c<\/span>3<\/span><\/b>\u9805<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u7c73\u56fd\u8b70\u4f1a\u306f\u3001\u2026\u5916\u56fd\u3068\u306e\u901a\u5546\u3001\u5dde\u969b\u306e\u901a\u5546<\/u>\u3001\u53ca\u3073\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u90e8\u65cf\u3068\u306e\u901a\u5546\u3092\u898f\u5236\u3059\u308b\u6a29\u9650<\/u>\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\uff1b\u2026\uff08\u5f37\u8abf\u7b46\u8005\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u8b70\u4f1a\u304c\u5dde\u969b\u901a\u5546\u6761\u9805\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\u3092\u5236\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5dde\u6cd5\u3068\u306e\u8abf\u6574\u304c\u3088\u308a\u8907\u96d1\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u7406\u7531\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u7b2c<\/b><\/span>10<\/span><\/b>\u6761<\/span><\/b>\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\u306e\u5236\u5b9a\u6a29\u9650\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\u6ce8<\/sup><\/span>[9]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\uff09<\/span><\/sup>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

U.S. Const.
\namend. X<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

The powers not
\ndelegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
\nstates, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u53c2\u8003\u8a33\u3011<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c<\/span>10<\/span><\/b>\u4fee\u6b63<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u672c\u61b2\u6cd5\u304c\u7c73\u56fd\u306b\u59d4\u4efb\u3057\u306a\u3044\u6a29\u9650\u3001\u53ca\u3073\u3001\u672c\u61b2\u6cd5\u304c\u5dde\u306b\u7981\u6b62\u3057\u306a\u3044\u6a29\u9650\u306f\u3001\u5404\u5dde\u53c8\u306f\u56fd\u6c11\u306b\u7559\u4fdd\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\u304c\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u6cd5\u53ca\u3073\u8907\u6570\u306e\u5dde\u6cd5\u306e\u5f62\u3067\u4e26\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3001\u30eb\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u76f8\u9055\u3001\u6a29\u5229\u53d6\u5f97\u624b\u7d9a\u306e\u7169\u96d1\u3001\u8cbb\u7528\u306e\u9ad8\u9a30\u3001\u6a29\u5229\u8abf\u6574\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u7b49\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7279\u8a31\u5236\u5ea6\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5b9f\u52b9\u6027\u3092\u8457\u3057\u304f\u640d\u306a\u3046\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff08\u6ce8<\/sup><\/span>[10]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\uff09<\/span><\/sup>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u7c73\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\u304c\u3001\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5236\u5ea6\u306b\u306a\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u5efa\u56fd\u6642\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u5236\u5ea6\u3092\u63a8\u9032\u3057\u305f\u3001<\/span>Madison<\/span>\u4ed6\u306e\u30d5\u30a7\u30c7\u30e9\u30ea\u30b9\u30c8\uff08\u9023\u90a6\u5236\u5ea6\u63a8\u9032\u6d3e\uff09\u306e\u529f\u7e3e\u304c\u5927\u304d\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7d4c\u7def\u304c\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7279\u306b\u3001\u8457\u4f5c\u7269\u53ca\u3073\u767a\u660e\u3092\u9023\u90a6\u5236\u5ea6\u3067\u4fdd\u8b77\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3092\u63d0\u5531\u3057\u305f<\/span>Madison<\/span>\u306f\u3001\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\u306e\u7236\u3068\u547c\u3076\u306b\u3075\u3055\u308f\u3057\u3044\u4eba\u7269\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001<\/span>Madison<\/span>\u304c\u7c73\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7279\u8a31\u5236\u5ea6\u306e\u529f\u52b4\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u7279\u8a31\u5546\u6a19\u5e81\uff08<\/span>United States Patent and Trademark Office<\/span>\uff09\u306e\u672c\u90e8\u306e\u5efa\u7269\u304c<\/span>"The
\nMadison Buildings"<\/span>\u3068\u547d\u540d\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3082\u63a8\u5bdf\u3067\u304d\u308b\uff08\u6ce8<\/sup><\/span>[11]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\uff09<\/span><\/sup>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001<\/span>1947<\/span>\u5e74\u306b\u65bd\u884c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5<\/b>\u306f\u3001\u7b2c<\/b><\/span> 29 <\/span><\/b>\u6761<\/span><\/b>\u306b\u3001\u8ca1\u7523\u6a29\u5168\u822c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u4e00\u822c\u6761\u9805<\/b>\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u306b\u3068\u3069\u307e\u308b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c<\/span> 29 <\/span><\/b>\u6761<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u8ca1\u7523\u6a29\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u4fb5\u3057\u3066\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8ca1\u7523\u6a29\u306e\u5185\u5bb9\u306f\u3001\u516c\u5171\u306e\u798f\u7949\u306b\u9069\u5408\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3067\u3053\u308c\u3092\u5b9a\u3081\u308b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u79c1\u6709\u8ca1\u7523\u306f\u3001\u6b63\u5f53\u306a\u88dc\u511f\u306e\u4e0b\u306b\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u516c\u5171\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5<\/b>\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7279\u8a31\u6761\u9805<\/b>\u306e\u6b20\u5982\u306f\u3001\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\u306e\u5236\u5b9a\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u304c\u5168\u304f\u306a\u3044\uff08\u6ce8<\/sup><\/span>[12]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\uff09<\/span><\/sup>\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5<\/b>\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7279\u8a31\u6761\u9805<\/b>\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u306f\u3001\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5<\/b>\u306e\u5236\u5b9a\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u3082\u3064\u3002\u3053\u306e\u9055\u3044\u306f\u3001\u7d50\u5c40\u306e\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u304c\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6a29\u56fd\u5bb6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u304c\u9023\u90a6\u56fd\u5bb6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9055\u3044\u306b\u5e30\u7740\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u65e5\u3005\u306e\u7279\u8a31\u5b9f\u52d9\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u73fe\u884c\u306e\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\uff08<\/b><\/span>35 USC<\/span><\/b>\uff09<\/span><\/b>\u53ca\u3073\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u7279\u8a31\u6cd5\uff08\u662d\u548c<\/b><\/span>34<\/span><\/b>\u5e74\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7b2c<\/span>121<\/span><\/b>\u53f7\uff09<\/span><\/b>\u306f\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5171\u901a\u70b9\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u4e0a\u3067\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u6839\u62e0\u3092\u542b\u3081\u3066\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u76f8\u9055\u70b9\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u306e\u7279\u8a31\u51fa\u9858\u66f8\u985e\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u7c73\u56fd\u306e\u7279\u8a31\u51fa\u9858\u66f8\u985e\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3059\u308b\u306b\u3042\u305f\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7279\u306b\u3001\u7279\u8a31\u53d6\u5f97\u53ca\u3073\u7279\u8a31\u884c\u4f7f\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306e\u3042\u308b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u306e\u76f8\u9055\u70b9\u3092\u9069\u5207\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n


<\/p>\n
\n
\n

[1]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/span>\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c<\/span><\/b>7<\/span><\/b>\u7ae0<\/span><\/b>\u306f\u3001\u540c\u6cd5<\/b>\u306e\u6210\u7acb\u306e\u8981\u4ef6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001<\/span>9<\/span>\u5dde\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6279\u51c6\u3092\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/span>The United States Constitution, Article VII<\/span><\/b> ("The Ratification of the Conventions
\nof nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution
\nbetween the States so ratifying the Same."). <\/span>\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5<\/span><\/b>\u306e\u6279\u51c6\u306f\u3001<\/span>Delaware<\/span>\u5dde\uff08<\/span>1787<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>12<\/span>\u6708<\/span>7<\/span>\u65e5\uff09\u3001<\/span>Pennsylvania<\/span>\u5dde\uff08\u540c\u6708<\/span>12<\/span>\u65e5\uff09\u3001<\/span>New Jersey<\/span>\u5dde\uff08\u540c\u6708<\/span>18<\/span>\u65e5\uff09\u3001<\/span>Georgia<\/span>\u5dde\uff08<\/span>1788<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>1<\/span>\u6708<\/span>2<\/span>\u65e5\uff09\u3001<\/span>Connecticut<\/span>\u5dde\uff08\u540c\u6708<\/span>9<\/span>\u65e5\uff09\u3001<\/span>Massachusetts<\/span>\u5dde\uff08\u540c\u5e74<\/span>2<\/span>\u6708<\/span>6<\/span>\u65e5\uff09\u3001<\/span>Maryland<\/span>\u5dde\uff08\u540c\u5e74<\/span>4<\/span>\u6708<\/span>28<\/span>\u65e5\uff09\u3001<\/span>South Carolina<\/span>\u5dde\uff08\u540c\u5e74<\/span>5<\/span>\u6708<\/span>23<\/span>\u65e5\uff09\u3001<\/span>New Hampshire<\/span>\u5dde\uff08<\/span>1788<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>6<\/span>\u6708<\/span>21<\/span>\u65e5\uff09\u306e\u9806\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5<\/b>\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001<\/span>Virginia<\/span>\u5dde\uff08<\/span>1788<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>6<\/span>\u6708<\/span>25<\/span>\u65e5\uff09\u53ca\u3073<\/span>New York<\/span>\u5dde\uff08\u540c\u5e74<\/span>7<\/span>\u6708<\/span>26<\/span>\u65e5\uff09\u304c\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5<\/b>\u306b\u6279\u51c6\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5<\/b>\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u7c73\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u3001<\/span>1789<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>3<\/span>\u6708<\/span>4<\/span>\u65e5\u306b\u904b\u7528\u3092\u958b\u59cb\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span>George
\nWashington<\/span>\u306f\u3001<\/span>1789<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>4<\/span>\u6708<\/span>30<\/span>\u65e5\u306b\u3001\u4eee\u9996\u90fd\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f<\/span>New York<\/span>\u5dde<\/span>New York City<\/span>\u306e<\/span>Federal
\nHall<\/span>\u306b\u3066\u7c73\u56fd\u521d\u4ee3\u5927\u7d71\u9818\uff08<\/span>the first president of the United States<\/span>\uff09\u306b\u5c31\u4efb\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u53ca\u3073<\/span>North Carolina<\/span>\u5dde\uff08<\/span>1789<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>11<\/span>\u6708<\/span>21<\/span>\u65e5\uff09\u53ca\u3073<\/span>Rhode Island<\/span>\u5dde\uff08<\/span>1790<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>5<\/span>\u6708<\/span>29<\/span>\u65e5\uff09\u304c\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5<\/b>\u3092\u6279\u51c6\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u6642\u306e<\/span>13<\/span>\u5dde\u5168\u3066\u306e\u6279\u51c6\u304c\u5b8c\u4e86\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> See, e.g., Thomas B. Nachbar, Annotation on the
\nPatent and Copyright Clause<\/b> at https:\/\/www.heritage.org\/constitution\/#!\/
\n("There is little direct evidence about the Patent and Copyright Clause’s
\noriginal meaning. The clause neither represented a legal tradition of great
\nhistorical and practical significance to the Framers, unlike the availability
\nof habeas corpus (see Article I, Section 9, Clause 2), nor was it one of the
\ngreat structural innovations of the Constitution that attracted so much
\nattention because of its gravity and novelty. Rather, the clause appears to
\nhave been largely an afterthought. … The clause’s text has been of limited
\nhelp in resolving modern disputes over its meaning.").<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[3]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> The Federalist No. 43, p.
\n267 (H. Lodge ed. 1908) (J. Madison<\/b><\/a>)<\/b> ("The utility of [the]
\npower [of the Patent and Copyright Clauses] will scarcely be questioned. The
\ncopyright of authors has been solemnly adjudged, in Great Britain, to be a
\nright of common law. The right to useful inventions seems with equal reason to
\nbelong to the inventors."<\/span>\uff09<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[4]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/span>\u300c\u30d5\u30a3\u30e9\u30c7\u30eb\u30d5\u30a3\u30a2\u61b2\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u4f1a\u8b70<\/span><\/b>\uff08\u2026<\/span> Philadelphia
\nConvention<\/span>\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u3001<\/span>Constitutional Convention, Federal
\nConvention, Grand Convention at Philadelphia <\/span>\u7b49\uff09\u3068\u306f\u3001<\/span>1787<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>5<\/span>\u6708<\/span>25<\/span>\u65e5\u304b\u3089<\/span>9<\/span>\u6708<\/span>17<\/span>\u65e5\u307e\u3067\u306e\u9593\u306b\u30da\u30f3\u30b7\u30eb\u30d9\u30cb\u30a2\u5dde\u30d5\u30a3\u30e9\u30c7\u30eb\u30d5\u30a3\u30a2\u3067\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u304b\u3089\u306e\u72ec\u7acb\u5f8c\u306b\u9023\u5408\u898f\u7d04\u4e0b\u3067\u904b\u55b6\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u3092\u7d71\u6cbb\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3092\u8a0e\u8b70\u3057\u305f\u4f1a\u8b70\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5f53\u521d\u306f\u3001\u9023\u5408\u898f\u7d04\u306e\u6539\u5b9a\u306e\u307f\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u63d0\u5531\u8005\u9054\u3001\u3068\u308a\u308f\u3051\u3001\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u30b8\u30a7\u30fc\u30e0\u30ba\u30fb\u30de\u30c7\u30a3\u30bd\u30f3\u3068\u30a2\u30ec\u30af\u30b5\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u30fb\u30cf\u30df\u30eb\u30c8\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u5f53\u521d\u304b\u3089\u73fe\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u653f\u5e9c\u3092\u300c\u4fee\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u300d\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u653f\u5e9c\u3092\u5275\u8a2d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u4f1a\u8b70\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u7d50\u5b9f\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4f1a\u8b70\u306f\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3082\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u306a\u308b\u51fa\u6765\u4e8b\u306e<\/span>1<\/span>\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d<\/span>Wikipedia<\/span>\uff08\u6700\u7d42\u66f4\u65b0<\/span> 2021<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>10<\/span>\u6708<\/span>14<\/span>\u65e5<\/span> (<\/span>\u6728<\/span>) 04:40<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[5]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> Walterscheid, Background and Origin 26; 2 Records
\nof the Federal Convention of 1787, pp. 509–510 (M. Farrand ed.1966)<\/b>. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[6]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co., 376 U.S.
\n225 (1964)<\/b>: Sears<\/span>\u793e\u304c<\/span>Stiffel<\/span>\u793e\u306e\u30e9\u30f3\u30d7\u3092\u307b\u307c\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u6a21\u5023\u3057\u305f\u30e9\u30f3\u30d7\u3092\u8ca9\u58f2\u3057\u305f\u4e8b\u6848\u3002\u672c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u30e9\u30f3\u30d7\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u7279\u8a31\u304c\u7121\u52b9\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e0d\u6b63\u7af6\u4e89\u9632\u6b62\u6cd5\uff08\u30a4\u30ea\u30ce\u30a4\u5dde\u6cd5\uff09\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001<\/span>Stiffel<\/span>\u793e\u304c<\/span>Sears<\/span>\u793e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u8acb\u6c42\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u304c\u4e89\u70b9\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u7c73\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001<\/span>"a State could not, consistently with
\nthe Supremacy Clause of the Constitution,[] extend the life of a patent beyond
\nits expiration date or give a patent on an article which lacked the level of
\ninvention required for federal patents."<\/span>\u3068\u306e\u4e00\u822c\u8ad6\u3092\u5224\u793a\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001<\/span>"To allow a State by use of its law of unfair
\ncompetition to prevent the copying of an article which represents too slight an
\nadvance to be patented would be to permit the State to block off from the
\npublic something which federal law has said belongs to the public. The result
\nwould be that while federal law grants only 14 or 17 years’ protection to
\ngenuine inventions[], States could allow perpetual protection to articles too
\nlacking in novelty to merit any patent at all under federal constitutional
\nstandards. This would be too great an encroachment on the federal patent system
\nto be tolerated."<\/span>\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4e0d\u6b63\u7af6\u4e89\u9632\u6b62\u6cd5\uff08\u30a4\u30ea\u30ce\u30a4\u5dde\u6cd5\uff09\u3092\u7121\u52b9\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001\u7c73\u56fd\u61b2\u6cd5<\/b>\u306e\u9055\u61b2\u7acb\u6cd5\u5be9\u67fb\u6a29\u304c\u9023\u90a6\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5224\u4f8b\u3067\u78ba\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/span>Marbury v. Madison 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137
\n(1803)<\/span><\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[7]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> Bonito Boats v. Thunder Craft Boats, 489 U.S. 141
\n(1989)<\/b>: Thunder Craft Boats<\/span>\u793e\uff08\u30c6\u30cd\u30b7\u30fc\u5dde\uff09\u304c<\/span>Bonito
\nBoats<\/span>\u793e\uff08\u30d5\u30ed\u30ea\u30c0\u5dde\uff09\u306e\u7e4a\u7dad\u30ac\u30e9\u30b9\u88fd\u306e\u8239\u4f53\uff08<\/span>the Bonito 5VBR fiberglass hull<\/span>\uff09\u306e\u6210\u578b\u3092\u6a21\u5023\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6210\u578b\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3057\u3066\u88fd\u9020\u3057\u305f\u8239\u3092\u8ca9\u58f2\u3057\u305f\u4e8b\u6848\u3002<\/span>Bonito 5VBR<\/span>\u306e\u8ca9\u58f2\u958b\u59cb\u304b\u3089<\/span>6<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7d4c\u904e\u5f8c\u3001\u300c\u4ed6\u4eba\u306e\u66f8\u9762\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a31\u53ef\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8ca9\u58f2\u76ee\u7684\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u4eba\u304c\u88fd\u4f5c\u3057\u305f\u8239\u4f53\u53c8\u306f\u8239\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u8907\u88fd\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6210\u578b\u5de5\u7a0b\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u4e0d\u6cd5\u884c\u70ba\u300d\u3068\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u30d5\u30ed\u30ea\u30c0\u5dde\u6cd5\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u305f\uff08<\/span>"The statute makes "[i]t …
\nunlawful for any person to use the direct molding process to duplicate for the
\npurpose of sale any manufactured vessel hull or component part of a vessel made
\nby another without the written permission of that other person.""<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u672c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3067\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30d5\u30ed\u30ea\u30c0\u5dde\u6cd5\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\u3001<\/span>Bonito Boats<\/span>\u793e\u304c<\/span>Thunder
\nCraft Boats<\/span>\u793e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u640d\u5bb3\u8ce0\u511f\u8acb\u6c42\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u304c\u4e89\u70b9\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u7c73\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u306f\u3001<\/span>"[w]e believe that the Florida statute
\nat issue in this case so substantially impedes the public use of the otherwise
\nunprotected design and utilitarian ideas embodied in unpatented boat hulls as
\nto run afoul of the teaching of our decisions in Sears and Compco."<\/span>\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30d5\u30ed\u30ea\u30c0\u5dde\u6cd5\u3092\u7121\u52b9\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[8]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/span>\u5dde\u969b\u901a\u5546\u6761\u9805\uff08<\/span>Interstate
\nCommerce Clause<\/span>\uff09\u3092\u6839\u62e0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u77e5\u7684\u8ca1\u7523\u5206\u91ce\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9023\u90a6\u6cd5\u4e0a\u306e\u7acb\u6cd5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5546\u6a19\u6cd5<\/b>\u53ca\u3073\u55b6\u696d\u79d8\u5bc6\u4fdd\u8b77\u6cd5<\/b>\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6cd5\u57df\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9023\u90a6\u6cd5<\/b>\u53ca\u3073\u5dde\u6cd5<\/b>\u304c\u4e26\u5b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/span>The Lanham (Trademark) Act (Pub.L. 79–489,
\n60 Stat. 427, enacted July 5, 1946, codified at 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 1051 et seq. (15
\nU.S.C. ch. 22)); The Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016 (DTSA) (Pub.L. 114–153,
\n130 Stat. 376, enacted May 11, 2016, codified at 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 1836, et seq.)<\/span><\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[9]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co., 376 U.S.
\n225, 228 (1964) <\/b>("Before the Constitution was adopted, some States had
\ngranted patents either by special act or by general statute,[] but when the
\nConstitution was adopted provision for a federal patent law was made one of the
\nenumerated powers of Congress because, as Madison put it in The Federalist
\nNo. 43<\/b>, the States \u2018cannot separately make effectual provision\u2019 for either
\npatents or copyrights.").<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[10]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> See, e.g., J. Story, Commentaries on the
\nConstitution of the United States \u00a7 502, p. 402 (R. Rotunda & J. Nowak
\neds.1987) <\/b>("It is beneficial to all parties, that the national
\ngovernment should possess [the] power [provided in the Patent and Copyright
\nClauses]; to authors and inventors, because, otherwise, they would be subjected
\nto the varying laws and systems of the different states on this subject, which
\nwould impair, and might even destroy the value of their rights; to the public,
\nas it will promote the progress of science and the useful arts, and admit the
\npeople at large, after a short interval, to the full possession and enjoyment
\nof all writings and inventions without restraint.").<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[11]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> https:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/image\/campus_map.jpg; Remarks
\nby Michelle K. Lee, then Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property
\nand Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), at 225th
\nAnniversary of The First Patent Act at Madison Auditorium of the Madison
\nBuildings on April 10, 2015 ("225 years ago today, the first Patent Act
\nwas signed into law by a famous resident of this area: President George
\nWashington. Only one year had passed since this nation\u2019s Constitution went into
\neffect and the first Congress began its work, not just on the Patent Act, but also
\non the Copyright Act, also signed into law in 1790. A key author of that
\nConstitution, and in particular the clause that gave us patents and copyrights,
\nwas another Virginian, whose name adorns this building. That, of course, was James
\nMadison.").<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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